Surah Al-Anfal • Ayah 75

Believers in TruthAfter Allah affirmed the ruling of loyalty and protection between the believers in this life, He then mentioned their destination in the Hereafter. Allah also affirmed the faith of the believers, just as mentioned in the beginning of this Surah, and that He will reward them with forgiveness and by erasing their sins, if they have any. He also promised them honorable provisions that are abundant, pure, everlasting and eternal; provisions that never end or run out, nor will they ever cause boredom, for they are delightful and come in great varieties. Allah then mentioned that those who follow the path of the believers in faith and performing good deeds, will be with them in the Hereafter. Just as Allah said,وَالسَّـبِقُونَ الاٌّوَّلُونَ(And the foremost to embrace Islam...) 9:100, until the end of the Ayah. He also said,وَالَّذِينَ جَآءُوا مِن بَعْدِهِمْ(And those who came after them ...) 59:10.A Hadith that is in the Two Sahihs, which is Mutawatir and has several authentic chains of narrations, mentions that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,«الْمَرْءُ مَعَ مَنْ أَحَب»(One will be in the company of those whom he loves.) Another Hadith states,«مَنْ أَحَبَّ قَوْمًا فَهُوَ مِنْهُم»(He who loves a people is one of them), and in another narration, he said,«حُشِرَ مَعَهُم»(...will be gathered with them (on the Day of Resurrection).)Inheritance is for Designated Degrees of RelativesAllah said,وَأُوْلُواْ الأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَـبِ اللَّهِ(But kindred by blood are nearer to one another (regarding inheritance) in the decree ordained by Allah), meaning, in Allah's decision. This Ayah encompasses all relatives, not only the degrees of relative who do not have a fixed, designated share in the inheritance, as some people claim and use this Ayah to argue. According to Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, `Ikrimah, Al-Hasan, Qatadah and several others, this Ayah abrogated inheriting from those with whom one had ties of treaties or brotherhood, as was the case in the beginning of Islam. So it applies to all relatives, and as for those who do not inherit, then this is supported by the Hadith,«إِنَّ اللهَ قَدْ أَعْطَى كُلَّ ذِي حَقَ حَقَّهُ فَلَا وَصِيَّةٍ لِوَارِث»(Indeed Allah had alloted every right to the one who deserves it, so there may be no will for an heir.)Therefore, this Ayah also includes those who have a fixed share of inheritance. Allah knows best.This is the end of the Tafsir of Surat Al-Anfal, all praise and thanks are for Allah, in Him we trust, and He is sufficient for us, what an excellent supporter He is.

مہاجر اور انصار میں وحدت ٭٭مومنوں کا دنیوی حکم ذکر فرما کر اب آخرت کا حال بیان فرما رہا ہے ان کے ایمان کی سچائی ظاہر کر رہا ہے جیسے کہ سورت کے شروع میں بیان ہوا ہے انہیں بخشش ملے گی ان کے گناہ معاف ہوں گے انہیں عزت کی پاک روزی ملے گی جو برکت والی ہمیشگی والی طیب و طاہر ہو گی قسم قسم کی لذیذ عمدہ اور نہ ختم ہونے والی ہو گی۔ ان کی اتباع کرنے والے ایمان و عمل صالح میں ان کا ساتھ دینے والے آخرت میں بھی درجوں میں ان کے ساتھ ہی ہوں گے۔جیسا کہ «وَالسّٰبِقُوْنَ الْاَوَّلُوْنَ مِنَ الْمُهٰجِرِيْنَ وَالْاَنْصَارِ وَالَّذِيْنَ اتَّبَعُوْھُمْ بِاِحْسَانٍ ۙ رَّضِيَ اللّٰهُ عَنْھُمْ وَرَضُوْا عَنْهُ وَاَعَدَّ لَھُمْ جَنّٰتٍ تَجْرِيْ تَحْتَهَا الْاَنْهٰرُ خٰلِدِيْنَ فِيْهَآ اَبَدًا ۭذٰلِكَ الْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيْمُ» ‏ [ 9- التوبہ: 100 ] ‏ اور «وَالَّذِيْنَ جَاۗءُوْ مِنْۢ بَعْدِهِمْ يَقُوْلُوْنَ رَبَّنَا اغْفِرْ لَنَا وَلِاِخْوَانِنَا الَّذِيْنَ سَبَقُوْنَا بالْاِيْمَانِ وَلَا تَجْعَلْ فِيْ قُلُوْبِنَا غِلًّا لِّلَّذِيْنَ اٰمَنُوْا رَبَّنَآ اِنَّكَ رَءُوْفٌ رَّحِيْمٌ» [ 59- الحشر: 10 ] ‏ میں ہے۔ متفق علیہ بلکہ متواتر حدیث میں ہے کہ انسان اس کے ساتھ ہو گا جس سے محبت رکھتا ہے۔ [صحیح بخاری:6167] ‏ دوسری حدیث میں ہے جو کسی قوم سے محبت رکھے وہ ان میں سے ہی ہے۔ ایک روایت میں ہے اس کا حشر بھی انہیں کے ساتھ ہو گا۔ [طبرانی صغیر:874] ‏ مسند احمد کی حدیث گذر چکی ہے کہ مہاجر و انصار آپس میں ایک دوسری کے ولی ہیں فتح مکہ کے بعد مسلمان قریشی اور ثقیف کے آزاد شدہ آپس میں ایک ہیں، قیامت تک یہ سب آپس میں ولی ہیں۔ [مسند احمد:363/4:صحیح] ‏صفحہ نمبر3381پھر اولو الارحام کا بیان ہوا یہاں ان سے مراد وہی قرابت دار نہیں جو علماء فرائض کے نزدیک اس نام سے یاد کئے جاتے ہیں یعنی جن کا کوئی حصہ مقرر نہ ہو اور جو عصبہ بھی ہوں جیسے خالہ، ماموں، پھوپھی، نواسے، نواسیاں، بھانجے، بھانجیاں وغیرہ۔ بعض کا یہی خیال ہے آیت سے حجت پکڑتے ہیں اور اسے اس بارے میں صراحت والی بتاتے ہیں۔ یہ نہیں بلکہ حق یہ ہے کہ یہ آیت عام ہے تمام قرابت داروں کو شامل ہے جیسے کہ سیدنا ابن عباس رضی اللہ عنہ،مجاہد،عکرمہ،حسن،قتادہ رحمہ اللہ علیہم وغیرہ کہتے ہیں کہ یہ ناسخ ہے آپس کی قسموں پر وارث بننے کی اور بھائی چارے پر وارث بننے کی جو پہلے دستور تھا پس یہ علماء فرائض کے ذوی الارحام کو شامل ہو گی خاص نام کے ساتھ۔ اور جو انہیں وارث نہیں بناتے ان کے پاس کئی دلیلیں ہیں سب سے قوی یہ حدیث ہے کہ اللہ نے ہر حقدار کو اس کا حق دلوادیا ہے پس کسی وارث کے لیے کوئی وصیت نہیں۔ [سنن ابوداود:2870،قال الشيخ الألباني:صحیح] ‏ وہ کہتے ہیں کہ اگر یہ بھی حقدار ہوتے تو ان کے بھی حصے مقرر ہو جاتے جب یہ نہیں تو وہ بھی نہیں۔ «وَاللهُ اَعْلَمُ» ۔ «الْحَمْدُ لِلَّـه» سورۂ انفال کی تفسیر ختم ہوئی اللہ تعالیٰ پر ہمیں بھروسہ ہے وہی ہمیں کافی ہے اور وہی کارساز ہے۔صفحہ نمبر3382

آیت 75 وَالَّذِیْنَ اٰمَنُوْا مِنْم بَعْدُ وَہَاجَرُوْا وَجٰہَدُوْا مَعَکُمْ فَاُولٰٓءِکَ مِنْکُمْ ط۔وہ تمہاری جماعت ‘ اسی امت اور حزب اللہ کا حصہ ہیں۔ وَاُولُوا الْاَرْحَامِ بَعْضُہُمْ اَوْلٰی بِبَعْضٍ فِیْ کِتٰبِ اللّٰہِ ط یعنی شریعت کے قوانین میں خون کے رشتے مقدم رکھے گئے ہیں۔ مثلاً وراثت کا قانون خون کے رشتوں کو بنیاد بنا کر ترتیب دیا گیا ہے۔ اسی طرح شریعت کے تمام قواعد و ضوابط میں رحمی رشتوں کی اپنی ایک ترجیحی حیثیت ہے۔ خونی رشتوں کی ان قانونی ترجیحات کو بھائی چارے اور ولایت کے تعلقات کے ساتھ گڈ مڈ نہ کیا جائے۔اِنَّ اللّٰہَ بِکُلِّ شَیْءٍ عَلِیْمٌ ۔بارک اللّٰہ لی ولکم فی القرآن العظیم ‘ ونفعنی وایاکم بالآیات والذکر الحکیم۔

Described in the fourth verse (75) is the injunction concerning different categories of Muhajirin (مُھَاجِرین ، emigrants). It says: Though, some of them are the very first among Muhajirin - those who migrated earlier than the Peace Treaty of Hudaibiyah. Then, there is a second category of Muhajirin - those who migrated after the Peace Treaty of Hudaibiyah and, because of this, there will be difference in the ranks they are to have in the Hereafter, but regarding injunctions of this mortal world, they too shall be covered by the injunction governing the first category of Muhajirin in that they are inheritors to each other. Therefore, addressing the first among the Muhajirin, it was said: فَأُولَـٰئِكَ مِنكُمْ (then, they are one of you - 75). It means that these Muhajirin of the second category are also a part of your group. Hence, under injunctions governing inheritance, they are governed by rules which apply to Muhajirin in general.This is the very last verse of Surah Al-Anfal. Given at the end of it is a comprehensive regulation of the law of inheritance through which stood abrogated what was an interim injunction promulgated during the early period of Hijrah mentioned in the preceding verses about having the Muhajirin and Ansar become inheritors to each other through an arrangement of brotherhood between them. The words of the last verse which abrogated this temporary law of inheritance are: وَأُولُو الْأَرْ‌حَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَىٰ بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّـهِ (As for the womb-relatives, some of them are closer to some as in the Book of Allah -75). Let us study them in a greater detail.In Arabic, the word: أُولُو (ulu) is used to carry the sense of being the possessor, owner, person or people of certain entitlement. In absence of an exact counterpart in English, it is usually translated as 'men of or 'people of ', as in: 'people of wisdom' for: اولو العقل (ulu ‘l-‘aql) and 'people of authority' for اولوالامر (ulu 'l-amr). Therefore, the word: اولوالارحام (ulu '1--arham) means the people of arham (wombs). Arham is the plural of rahim which is basically the name of the part of the body where the creative process of the human child takes place and since the bond of relationship is established via the association of rah’ m (رحم), therefore, اولوالارحام (ulu 'l-arham : translated literally as womb-relatives) is used in the sense of relatives.The meaning of the verse is that, though a universal bond of brotherhood binds all Muslims to each other, because of which, if needed, helping and supporting each other becomes obligatory, and that they also inherit from each other. But, Muslims who are bound by mutual relationship have precedence over other Muslims. The phrase: فِی کِتَابِ اللہِ (fi Kitabillah: translated literally 'as in the Book of Allah - 75' ) at this place has been used in the sense of: فِی حُکمِ اللہِ (fi hukmi 'l-la.h) which means that Allah Ta` ala has made this law through His special command.The rule of procedure given by this verse is that the distribution of inheritance should be on the criterion of relationship and the word: اولوالارحام (ulu 'l-arham) is applied to relatives in an absolute sense. Out of these, the shares of particular relatives have already been determined by the Holy Qur'an in Surah al-Nisa'. These are called Ashab al-Furud or Dhawi al-Furud in the terminology of the Law of Inheritance. Popularly referred to as "Qur'anic heirs," they mean those who are entitled to a statutory share in the inheritance of a deceased person. Any property which remains, after the determined shares have been given, should be distributed over other relatives as provided in this verse. Then, it is also evident that it is not possible for anyone to distribute any property over all relatives because some kind of a distant relationship definitely exists among human beings of the whole world - for all of them owe their fact of birth to but one father and mother, Sayyidna Adam and Sayyidah Hawwa (علیہا السلام) (Adam and Eve). Therefore, the only practical way of distributing inheritance over relatives can be that, by giving close relatives precedence over those distant, the benchmark of the near should be used to exclude the distant. A detailed description of this is present in the Ahadith of the Holy Prophet ﷺ which stipulate that, after having given the shares of Dhawi al-Furud (Qur'anic heirs), whatever remains should be given to the ‘Asbat (agnates or paternal relatives) of the deceased person, degree-wise, that is, by giving precedence to the near agnate (` asbah) over the distant one, the benchmark of the near should be used to exclude the distant.And in case, there is no one alive from among the agnates ( ‘asbat), then, distribution has to be made over rest of the relatives.In addition to ` asbat or agnates, there are a host of other relatives. It is for them that the word: ذَوِی الارحام Dhawi al-Arham has been particularized in the technical terminology of the science of inheritance and distribution. But, this terminology has found currency in a later period. In the Holy Qur'an, the word: اولوالارحام (ulu 'l-arham : womb-relatives), according to its lexical connotation, covers all relatives included wherein are Dhawi al-Furud ذَوِی فُرُوض (Qur'anic heirs), ` Asbat (agnates) and Dhawi al-Arham (womb-relatives) in a general sense.Then, some details about the subject have been covered in Surah al-Nis-a' where Allah Ta` ala has Himself determined the shares of particular relatives and which are known as Dhawi al-Furud in the terminology of Inheritance. As for the rest, the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said:الحقوا الفرایٔض باھلھا فما بقی فھولاولی رجل ذکر۔ (البخاری)It means: After giving shares to those identified in the Qur'an, that which remains is to be given to males nearer to the deceased. (al-Bukhari)They are known as Asbat (agnates) in the terminology of inheritance. If there be no one from among the ` asbat (agnates) of the deceased person, then, according to the saying of the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، other relatives get it. These relatives are technically known as Dhawi 'l-Arham (womb-relatives) such as, maternal uncle or maternal aunt and others.The last sentence of this last verse of Surah Al-Anfal has abrogated the law of Islamic inheritance mentioned in verses earlier to this. According to that law, mutual inheritance used to be in force among the Muhajirin and Ansar, even though there be no lineal kinship between them. It was abrogated because it was an emergency-oriented injunction given during the initial period of Hijrah.Surah Al-Anfal ends here. May Allah Ta` ala give us all the Taufiq (تَوفِیق)of understanding it and acting in accordance with it.Praised is Allah with whose help “ Surah al-'Anfal” comes to its conclusion the night of Thursday, 22nd of Jumada II, Hijrah Year 1381. I seek from Allah Ta` ala His Taufiq and help in the Tafsir of Surah at-Taubah and for Allah is all praise from its beginning to its end --- Muhammad Shafi, may he be forgiven.A review of it was completed on the day of Jumu'ah, 19th of Jumada I, Hijrah Year 1390 and praised be Allah for that.